Normality of Acid Calculator
Pick the acid or base and enter its molarity, mass and volume, or % w/w and density to get the normality (N = M × n), or solve for grams to weigh, dilution volume or titration normality.
Normality = molarity × n, where n is the number of H⁺ ions each acid molecule gives in the reaction, so 1 M HCl is 1 N, 1 M H₂SO₄ is 2 N and 1 M H₃PO₄ is up to 3 N.
Use the Normality of Acid Calculator
Inputs
Monoprotic: n = 1.
n-Factors and equivalent weights
| Compound | g/mol | n | Eq. wt (g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| HCl Hydrochloric acid | 36.46 | 1 | 36.46 |
| HNO₃ Nitric acid | 63.01 | 1 | 63.01 |
| HBr Hydrobromic acid | 80.91 | 1 | 80.91 |
| HClO₄ Perchloric acid | 100.46 | 1 | 100.46 |
| CH₃COOH Acetic acid | 60.05 | 1 | 60.05 |
| H₂SO₄ Sulfuric acid | 98.08 | 1–2 | 49.04 |
| H₂SO₃ Sulfurous acid | 82.08 | 2 | 41.04 |
| H₂C₂O₄ Oxalic acid (anhydrous) | 90.03 | 2 | 45.02 |
| H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O Oxalic acid dihydrate | 126.07 | 2 | 63.04 |
| H₃PO₄ Phosphoric acid | 97.99 | 1–3 | 32.66 |
| C₆H₈O₇ Citric acid | 192.12 | 3 | 64.04 |
| KHC₈H₄O₄ Potassium hydrogen phthalate | 204.22 | 1 | 204.22 |
| NaOH Sodium hydroxide | 40.00 | 1 | 40.00 |
| KOH Potassium hydroxide | 56.11 | 1 | 56.11 |
| Ca(OH)₂ Calcium hydroxide | 74.09 | 2 | 37.05 |
| Ba(OH)₂ Barium hydroxide | 171.34 | 2 | 85.67 |
| NH₃ Ammonia | 17.03 | 1 | 17.03 |
| Na₂CO₃ Sodium carbonate | 105.99 | 1–2 | 53.00 |
Equivalent weight uses the default n (full neutralisation). Molar masses from standard atomic weights.
Normality of concentrated acids and bases
Density, % by mass and molarity from the OpenStax Chemistry 2e table of commercial acids and bases; normality = molarity × n. Check the assay and density on your own bottle, which vary by supplier.
| Reagent | Density (g/mL) | % by mass | Molarity (M) | n | Normality (N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrochloric acid | 1.18 | 36% | 11.6 | 1 | 11.6 |
| Nitric acid | 1.42 | 71% | 16.0 | 1 | 16 |
| Sulfuric acid | 1.84 | 96% | 18.0 | 2 | 36 |
| Phosphoric acid | 1.70 | 85% | 14.7 | 3 | 44.1 |
| Perchloric acid | 1.67 | 70% | 11.65 | 1 | 11.65 |
| Acetic acid, glacial | 1.05 | 99.5% | 17.4 | 1 | 17.4 |
| Aqueous ammonia | 0.90 | 28% | 14.8 | 1 | 14.8 |
| Sodium hydroxide | 1.53 | 50% | 19.1 | 1 | 19.1 |
Quick answer
Normality (N) counts equivalents per litre: N = M × n, where n is the number of H⁺ (acids) or OH⁻ (bases) each formula unit reacts with. From a weighed solid or liquid, N = grams × n ÷ (molar mass × litres of solution). From a concentrated reagent, first find molarity, M = % w/w × density (g/mL) × 10 ÷ molar mass, then multiply by n: 36% HCl at 1.18 g/mL is 11.6 N, and 96% H₂SO₄ at 1.84 g/mL is 18.0 M, or 36.0 N. To dilute, use N₁V₁ = N₂V₂, and at the titration end point N(acid) × V(acid) = N(base) × V(base).
Examples
| Solution | Working | Normality |
|---|---|---|
| 0.25 M H₂SO₄ | 0.25 × 2 | 0.50 N |
| 0.1 M H₃PO₄ (fully neutralised) | 0.1 × 3 | 0.30 N |
| 4.9 g H₂SO₄ in 500 mL | 4.9 × 2 ÷ (98.08 × 0.5) | 0.1998 N |
| 37% HCl, 1.19 g/mL | 37 × 1.19 × 10 ÷ 36.46 | 12.08 N |
| 98% H₂SO₄, 1.84 g/mL | 98 × 1.84 × 10 ÷ 98.08 × 2 | 36.77 N |
| Dilute 12 N to 1 N, 500 mL | 1 × 500 ÷ 12 | 41.67 mL stock + water |
Choose what you know in the calculator above and the normality, molarity and steps update as you type.
Summary
The normality of an acid is its molarity multiplied by its n-factor, the number of H⁺ ions each molecule donates in the reaction (for a base, the OH⁻ ions it neutralises). This calculator covers 18 common acids and bases with their molar masses, or any custom compound. It works from molarity, from grams in a volume, or from the % w/w and density printed on a concentrated reagent bottle; it converts normality back to molarity; it gives the grams to weigh for a target normality; and it solves dilution (N₁V₁ = N₂V₂) and acid-base titration problems, showing each step.
How it works
- Choose what you want to calculate: normality from molarity, molarity from normality, normality from grams, grams to weigh, normality of a concentrated reagent, dilution, or titration.
- Pick the acid or base. The n-factor and molar mass fill in; change n for partial neutralisation (for example H₃PO₄ forming NaH₂PO₄ has n = 1).
- Enter the known values: molarity, grams and volume, % w/w and density, or the concentrations and volumes for dilution and titration.
- The calculator applies N = M × n, N = g × n ÷ (MW × L), M = % × ρ × 10 ÷ MW, N₁V₁ = N₂V₂ or Na·Va = Nb·Vb and shows the working.
- Copy the result, or use the tables below for n-factors, equivalent weights and the strength of commercial reagents.
Use cases
- Converting the molarity of HCl, H₂SO₄ or H₃PO₄ to normality for a lab procedure.
- Finding the normality of 37% HCl or 98% H₂SO₄ from the bottle label.
- Working out how much concentrated acid to dilute to make 1 N or 0.1 N solutions.
- Weighing oxalic acid, KHP or NaOH to prepare a standard solution of known normality.
- Calculating the normality of an unknown acid from a titration with a standard base.
- Checking homework on equivalents, equivalent weight and n-factor.