Nickel Element Properties

A complete reference card for Nickel (Ni, #28) — atomic data, physical constants, electron configuration, and key industrial applications.

Element 28

Nickel

Ni
Group 10 · Period 4 · d-block
Atomic Number
28
Atomic Mass
58.6934 u
Category
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440-02-0

Physical Properties

State at 25 °C
Solid
Density
8.908 g/cm³
Melting Point
1455 °C (2651 °F)
Boiling Point
2913 °C (5275 °F)
Heat of Fusion
17.48 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
379 kJ/mol
Specific Heat Capacity
0.444 J/(g·K)
Thermal Conductivity
90.9 W/(m·K)
Electrical Resistivity
69.3 nΩ·m
Mohs Hardness
4.0
Magnetic Order
Ferromagnetic
Curie Temperature
358 °C (676 °F)

Chemical Properties

Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²
Electronegativity
1.91 (Pauling)
Ionization Energy (1st)
737.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius
124 pm (empirical)
Covalent Radius
124 ± 4 pm
Van der Waals Radius
163 pm
Oxidation States
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2 (most common), +3, +4
Valence Electrons
10 (3d⁸ 4s²)
Crystal Structure
Face-centered cubic (FCC)
Lattice Parameter
352.4 pm

Electron Shell Configuration

2
Shell K
8
Shell L
16
Shell M
2
Shell N
2, 8, 16, 2

Full notation: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁸ 4s²

Periodic Table Placement

Group
10 (VIII B)
Period
4
Block
d-block
Series
Transition Metals
Neighbors
Co (27) · Cu (29)
Group members
Pd (46) · Pt (78)

Stable Isotopes

⁵⁸Ni 57.9353 u
68.08%
⁶⁰Ni 59.9308 u
26.22%
⁶¹Ni 60.9311 u
1.14%
⁶²Ni 61.9283 u
3.63%
⁶⁴Ni 63.9280 u
0.93%

Major Applications

  • Stainless Steel Alloys

    ~68% of nickel production goes into austenitic stainless steel (304, 316 grades).

  • NiMH Batteries

    Nickel-metal hydride batteries power hybrid vehicles and consumer electronics.

  • Electroplating

    Nickel plating provides corrosion and wear resistance on metals and plastics.

  • Coins

    The US nickel coin is 75% copper, 25% nickel; many countries use nickel-clad coinage.

  • Permanent Magnets

    Alnico (Al-Ni-Co) magnets use nickel for high Curie temperature and coercivity.

  • Catalysts

    Raney nickel and supported nickel catalysts enable hydrogenation reactions in food and chemicals.

  • Superalloys

    Nickel superalloys (e.g., Inconel) are critical for jet engine turbine blades at high temperatures.

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Summary

A complete reference card for Nickel (Ni, #28) — atomic data, physical constants, electron configuration, and key industrial applications.

How it works

  1. Browse the atomic data card for symbol, atomic number, mass, and group/period placement.
  2. Check the physical properties panel for density, melting point, boiling point, and state at room temperature.
  3. Review the electron configuration and orbital diagram to understand nickel's bonding behavior.
  4. Explore the chemical properties section for electronegativity, common oxidation states, and reactivity notes.
  5. Use the applications panel to see where nickel appears in everyday materials and industrial processes.
  6. Copy any value by clicking the copy icon next to it.

Use cases

  • Quick lookup of nickel's physical constants for chemistry homework or lab work.
  • Verifying electron configuration and oxidation states for inorganic chemistry problems.
  • Understanding why nickel is used in stainless steel, batteries, and electroplating.
  • Reference for materials scientists selecting alloys or corrosion-resistant coatings.
  • Teaching aid for periodic table lessons focused on transition metals.
  • Background reading for environmental or occupational health assessments involving nickel compounds.
  • Engineering reference when specifying NiMH battery components or nickel-based catalysts.
  • General curiosity — exploring why nickel is ferromagnetic and how it compares to iron and cobalt.

Frequently Asked Questions

Last updated: 2026-06-18 · Reviewed by Nham Vu